Several recent reports have demonstrated that the human microbiome plays a critical role in cancer development and progression, as well as treatment efficacy. One bacterial species, Akkermansia muciniphila, appears to be particularly important for positive response to anti-PD-1-based immunotherapies. However, there remains limited knowledge on how the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota affects distant malignancies, such as prostate cancer (PC).
In the current report, researchers from Lawson Health Research Institute and Western University conducted a study into how the gut microbiome interacts with an oral medication in PC patients and find that bacteria in the gut play a role in treatment outcomes.
The findings, published in Nature Communications, highlight how the drug abiraterone acetate is metabolised by bacteria in the gut to reduce harmful organisms while promoting those that fight cancer. The team suspects this is one of many examples of how the microbiome influences our response to medications.
"Research is beginning to uncover the ways in which the human microbiome influences cancer development, progression and treatment," explains Brendan Daisley, a PhD candidate at Western's Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry who is conducting research at Lawson. "Our study highlights a key interaction between a cancer drug and the gut microbiome that results in beneficial organisms with anti-cancer properties."
Traditional prostate cancer therapies are designed to deprive the body of hormones called androgens, which are responsible for prostate cancer growth. Unfortunately, traditional androgen deprivation therapies are not always effective and in those cases, alternative therapies are explored.
Abiraterone acetate is a highly effective therapy used in the treatment of prostate cancer that has been resistant to other treatments. While abiraterone acetate also works to reduce androgens in the body, it does so through a different mechanism and, unlike traditional therapies, it is taken orally.
"When drugs are taken orally, they make their way through the intestinal tract where they come into contact with billions of microorganisms," says Dr. Jeremy Burton, Lawson Scientist, Associate Professor at Schulich Medicine & Dentistry and lead researcher on the study. "While it's long been a mystery why abiraterone acetate is so effective, our team wondered if the gut microbiome plays a role."
The team's study included 68 prostate cancer patients from LHSC, including those being treated with abiraterone acetate and those being treated with traditional androgen deprivation therapies. The research team collected and analyzed patient stool samples, and conducted further experiments in their laboratory at St. Joseph's Health Care London.
They discovered that patients' gut microbiomes changed drastically after taking abiraterone acetate. Bacteria in the gut metabolized the drug leading to a significant increase in a bacterium called Akkermansia muciniphila.
Referred to as a 'next-generation probiotic,' this bacterium's relevance has recently been explored in several large cancer studies. It's been shown to facilitate a better response to cancer immunotherapy drugs and it can elicit a wide range of other positive health benefits as well. The increase in Akkermansia muciniphila also led to an increased production of vitamin K2 which is known for anti-cancer properties that can inhibit tumour growth.
The team also observed the impact of androgen depletion on the microbiome. Both abiraterone acetate and traditional androgen deprivation therapies led to a decrease in organisms that utilize androgen.
"These findings clearly demonstrate that the gut microbiome is playing a role in treatment response," notes Dr. Burton.
The team hopes to further explore drug-microbiome interactions with a goal of harnessing the microbiome to improve treatment outcomes for a variety of diseases. In another study, they are exploring whether fecal microbiota transplants from a healthy donor can change the microbiome of melanoma patients to increase organisms like Akkermansia muciniphila and improve response to immunotherapy. They also plan to study whether analysis of a patient's microbiome can be used to predict their response to specific therapies.
"While more research is needed, we may one day be able to analyze a patient's microbiome to determine the best course of treatment or even influence the microbiome to improve outcomes," says Dr. Burton. "This could lead to a new frontier in personalized medicine."
The study was made possible supported by The W. Garfield Weston Foundation, St. Joseph's Health Care Foundation and the Canadian Urologic Oncology Group.
Source: Nature Communications
Burton . J.P., et al
"Abiraterone acetate preferentially enriches for the gut commensal Akkermansia muciniphila in castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients"
